Enhanced Face Recognition Using Dolphin Swarm Optimization with Euclidean Classification and PCA

Abstract

Face recognition (FR) is a widely used biometric technology. Nevertheless, achieving efficient and robust FR is still challenging due to variations in illumination, pose, and facial expression. A vital step in any FR system is to select the most informative features and eliminate the redundant ones. In this study, a hybrid approach combining Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and the Dolphin Swarm Algorithm (DSA) with Euclidean Distance as a lightweight classifier is proposed. Experiments were made by using the ORL dataset, which consists of 400 grayscale images. With a 98% recognition rate for this hybrid approach against a recognition rate of 90–92% that can be achieved by PCA only, the proposed PCA+DSA outperformed standalone PCA while still being computationally economical. The metrics of Recognition Rate, Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC), Cumulative Match Curve (CMC), and Expected Performance Curve (EPC) provided numerous confirmations for this Hybrid model. Additionally, the convergence analysis corroborated DSA’s efficacy in feature selection as the fitness was nearly 92% after nine iterations. Without requiring sophisticated classifiers or deep learning models, our findings show that the identification rate can be improved by combining a bio-inspired optimization technique and the classical PCA method. However, the current study is limited to the ORL dataset in a controlled environment. Future research will focus on implementing and evaluating the system in real-time scenarios on larger and more diverse datasets to enhance its scalability and robustness in practical applications.